"What separates humans from animals is our ability to examine our world carefully, to think about our surroundings, and to think about our own thinking."
(Faculty Guidebook 3.4.4 Team Reflection)
The term mindfulness has been used in the west for centuries and largely means “attentiveness.” In the Buddhist tradition, mindfulness encompasses this meaning but is also something more: it is activity of mind accompanied by presence of mind. This is not just thinking then, but simultaneous awareness of the thinking that one is doing: metacognition. (Note that the terms which translate as mindfulness include a wide range of associated meanings and connotations; we are necessarily simplifying, while trying to carry forward the appreciation of meanings relating to awareness and mind.)
This historically eastern definition of mindfulness as activity of mind + awareness of mind is becoming increasingly accepted in the west, not only the field of psychology but in education as well. From a Process Education perspective, we see much that is very familiar in the idea of mindfulness. The more closely we examine mindfulness and the behaviors that tend to promote or increase mindfulness, the more similarities we see between it and pedagogical practices that encourage metacognition and active learning, where learners are actively engaged in thinking about and alert to the learning process. According to Faculty Guidebook 3.3.3 Process-Oriented Guided-Inquiry Learning,
Metacognition…includes self-management and self-regulation, reflection on learning, and assessment of one’s own performance. POGIL requires students to use metacognition to help them realize that they are in charge of their own learning and that they need to monitor it (self-management and self-regulation), that they need to reflect on what they have learned and what they don’t yet understand (reflection on learning), and that they need to think about their performance and how it can be improved (self-assessment).
Metacognition is not the only aspect of POGIL (which also relies upon cooperative learning and guided-inquiry) and POGIL is not the only pedagogical approach that encourages metacognition. Any learning approach that attempts to help learners become actively aware of the thinking and learning they’re doing (active learning) ultimately supports metacognition and thus increased mindfulness.
It is important to note that though we typically and historically separate thinking from feelings and interactions (the cognitive, affective, and social domains), this separation is only a construct which allows us to think and talk about different skills; it is not a literal map of the way the mind or self works. We must never make the mistake of taking the map for the terrain. A map is a helpful but imperfect representation used for the sole purpose of talking about something that is, itself, beyond or beneath language. The word metacognition would seem to mean thinking about activities only in the cognitive domain. What about thinking about emotions? Or thinking about interactions? Are these also examples of metacognition? They would have to be if metacognition also includes self-management and self-regulation, as noted above.
In the Buddhist tradition, mindfulness is not purely cognitive; it includes all aspects of self-awareness, both inner and outer contexts. Outer context is what is going on around the self at any given time—the perceptual awareness of the environment. Inner context tends to be a running commentary on outer context, and is full of judgment, prejudice, and assumptions, but can also be focused on the inner context itself—such as thinking about how certain thoughts make one unhappy. In the Buddhist tradition, there is a focus on mindfulness as a way to quiet the inner context and not allow perceptions of either outer or inner context to derail one’s thinking…
This is a fascinating line for inquiry and dialogue; we already share so much common ground in the notions of metacognition, active learning, reflective practice, self-regulation, and learning skills across the domains, among other things. What do you think about this? (And what do you think about your thinking about this?) Are you familiar with the concept of mindfulness? Are you perhaps aware of additional connections and shared ideas? Is this an uncomfortable comparison we’re drawing? Why or why not? Is it useful? Interesting? We'd love to hear from you and will share responses next month. |